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In fiscal 2015-16, India-based Coal India Limited (Coal India), the largest and the most profitable coal producer in the world achieved a production of more than half billion tons per annum. However, this is still far from its stated production target of one billion tons per annum by 2020, considering its less than 9% year on year growth in production. India is a coal-rich nation and Coal India, a publicly listed company with majority stakes owned by the government, has been growing profitably with access to the largest number of coalmines in the country and has assumed the responsibility to secure the country’s energy needs. However, it is unclear if Coal India’s existing business model would suffice for the future business, considering the multitude of challenges the company faces – from environmental considerations, societal pressures and government controls to labor cost escalation, technology issues and limited international footprint.