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Robert Jordan was a 46-year-old Caucasian who applied for a position as a police officer in New London, Connecticut. As part of the application process, Jordan completed a battery of tests that included the Wonderlic Personnel Test, a test of general cognitive ability. When Jordan later inquired about the status of his application, he was told that he had been eliminated from the applicant pool because of his score on the intelligence test - he had scored too high and was judged to be unacceptable for a job as a police patrol officer. Jordan filed a lawsuit against the city, claiming that its employment decision violated his constitutional right to equal protection under the law. City officials were then faced with preparing a defense to attempt to justify their hiring practice.